Contemporary issues in Thailand Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Contemporary issues in Thailand - Research Paper Example 2011). This paper discusses these three aforementioned major social problems of Thailand and the country’s attempt to mitigate them. Corruption Corruption has prevailed in Thailand for a long time. This extremely detrimental problem has intensified markedly since the 1932 political transformation (Tarling 2006). Because a bureaucratic regime has dominated all the activities of citizens in the country government corruption has heightened in private and public organizations. Corruption has weakened the society of Thailand and brought about political disorder. This political turmoil that has seized the nation over the recent years is weakening its economic stability. As suspected parties keep on exchanging accusations of corrupt deeds, the necessity for a solution is apparent. Corruption is generally found in the junction between the government and business where claims for ‘facilitation payments’ are prevalent. Corruption is especially concentrated in several public agencies responsible for major financial operations, namely, the Police Department, the Transport Department, Tax and Customs Department, and the Land Department (Chongphermvatanaphol 2003). The primary root of corruption in the country is believed to be ‘money politics’, or the movement of resources within the political arena, arising from the considerable level of interconnectedness present between the political and business sectors (Tarling 2006). There are several causes of and solutions to corruption in Thailand. First, insufficient incomes encourage public servants or government officials to accept backhanders. Salaries in Thailand has normally been inadequate, hence it has been a practice to accept bribes (Tarling 2006). This makes the process of decision making completely unclear or obscure. Second, people’s low level of education results in a condition where citizens do not possess the required knowledge of speaking out their opinions. Third, immense ec onomic gaps between social classes result in numerous problems. This brings about political flux, which then intensifies corruption such as vote buying. Fourth, absence of transparency makes it easy for officials to conceal their crooked activities. The political environment in Thailand has currently been characterized as overwrought (Chongphermvatanaphol 2003). A great deal of this strain is rooted in allegations and cases of corruption and the problem of government authority. Thailand is broadly regarded to be an economy welcoming to businesses and has for a number of years been capable of bidding good investment enticements to foreign businesses, such as tax exemptions, and favorable investment shield in comparison to several other nations in Southeast Asia. Yet, the investment environment of Thailand is still enduring a number of difficulties. Businesses regard corruption to be a major hindrance to business operations in Thailand, alongside undisclosed costs linked to incompeten t government procedures, weakness of the government and its policies, and red tape (Tarling 2006). Still, the country has the legal structure to successfully eliminate corruption. The 2007 Constitution includes requirements for public information access (Kara 2008). The right to access information is usually granted to citizens and the privilege is used without restraints unless it concerns

Pentecostalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Pentecostalism - Essay Example Truly, many evangelical and fundamentalist Christians can be very disapproving of Pentecostal doctrine. Regrettably, numerous atheists equate "Christian Privilege" with "fundamentalism" and it is an outcome of customary Methodism. The dualistic principles which most describe Pentecostal churches and distinguish them from other Protestant factions are the conviction in the Baptism of the Holy Spirit in addition the follow-onto charismata (The Gifts of the Spirit are like talking in tongues). The conviction in charismata and Gifts of the Holy Spirit is centred on the book of Acts chapter 2 when the Holy Spirit visited the apostles (Maxwell 1998, 319). In the Pentecostal movement, the Holiness groups stressed what they termed as the â€Å"second blessing" bequeathed on those who experienced a jubilant conversion encounter. Some manifestations of this sanctification were via Gifts of the Holy Spirit, such as prophesies and glossalia. Others viewed such deeds, as unorthodoxy and this is point where Pentecostals deviated from the Holiness and Methodist churches (although initially many desired to remain members of their prime churches) (Walsh 2003, 54). Nowadays, strange ways like faith curing, talking in tongues and euphoric experiences are a feature of Pentecostal services. Pentecostalism emphasize upon the significance of individual devout experiences instead of specific principles — certainly, there is less accord amongst Pentecostals with respects to many of Christian canons apart from those of charismata and Baptism of the Spirit. Pentecostal philosophies commenced in the Bethel Bible College established by Parham, Charles F. in Kansas in 1900, are frequently considered as an extension of the theology and teachings encouraged by Parham and other with like mind Protestants of the time. Conferring to Parham's own recounts, on 1st January 1901, the first of his scholars started to display the "Gifts of Spirit" by talking in tongues (Mills 2007, 23). In the subsequent days more and more scholars started to act the same, attracting escalated attention to the college and Parham's philosophies. As an upshot, Parham brought into being what developed to be known as the "Apostolic Faith Movement," a communion of diverse churches which encompassed thousands of followers (Wilkinson 2009, 39). Another primary foundation of Pentecostal principles is the Azusa Street resurgence (1906) steered by William J. Seymour. Seymour was an apprentice of Parham's from another college that Parham had launched in Texas. Large multitudes showed up at Seymour's Azusa Street ministry in Los Angeles, branded by astounding healings and high devout gusto. Newscast reports then pronounce astonishment at the "lamentation’s of the believers" and â€Å"shocking â€Å"frolics of the services at night. Fundamental aspects of services at Pentecostal could be dated even earlier; for instance, a prayer mass in 1831 in London ensued in congregation speaking in tong ues and prophesising (Paul and Susan 1996, 10). Even if Pentecostalism is viewed as a current way of Protestantism, certain in individuals think that Pentecostalism ought to be regarded as separate from customary Protestantism. Protestantism was created as distinction from Catholicism on the foundation that the Bible only ought to be the basis of devout authority, instead of customary customs or the chain of command of church establishments (Mills 2007, 22). Pentecostal churches step beyond this through reliance not merely on the Bible, but furthermore upon personal and direct divine revelations that cannot merely enhancement Bible instructions, but still replace them. It is no wonder that Pentecostals are repeatedly held at close by customary Protest

The Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Disorder Health And Social Care Essay

The Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Disorder Health And Social Care Essay Women of all ages have been faced with problems associated with gynecological issues. Particularly young women of childbearing years have dealt with disorders of the reproductive system. These disorders have lead to long term health problems. These disorders involve amenorrhea, infertility, hirsutism, and gargantuan polycystic ovaries. It was not until the 1930s did these problems seem to have a viable solution. Two scientists, Irving Stein and Michael Leventhal unearthed the fact thats when women with these disorders had ovarian biopsies done, they began to menstruate regularly.  [1]   PCOS is defined as an endocrine disturbance that causes primarily anovulation and polycystic ovaries due to the continued stimulation of the ovary by pituitary luteinizing hormone. Its symptoms include infertility, obesity, acne, hirsutism, hair loss, insulin resistance and polycystic ovaries. Other symptoms include decreased sex drive, high cholesterol levels, exhaustion or lack of mental alertness, depression and anxiety, sleep apnea, and thyroid problems.  [3]  However, some of these symptoms such as excess body hair will depend on that particular persons genetic makeup. For example, Asiatic people are not very hairy, so Chinese women with PCOS rarely suffer from this symptom whereas people from the Mediterranean have much more hair, so this is likely to be an indication. PCOS is a hormonal disorder that affects approximately seven percent of all women. In fact it is the most common among women. Its astonishing how often young women are witnessed at medical doctors office with health issues that can be followed back to insulin resistance. Insulin Resistance lies at the core of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome by averting the efficient conversion of food into energy because cell walls have become de-sensitized to insulin. As a result, insulin levels in the bloodstream become severely unbalanced, leading to an spread in free-floating glucose which is sent to the liver and transformed to excess body fat. These can consequent in weight gain and obesity. Furthermore, insulin resistance can lead to more serious problems such as cardiovascular disease and Type 2 Diabetes.  [4]   Because these symptoms vary so extensively, doctors may still misdiagnose PCOS. In fact eight out of ten women with polycystic ovarian syndrome could have insulin resistance, resulting in higher than normal insulin levels which may act on the ovaries by increasing male hormones.  [5]  Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome is one circumstance seen with increasing rates of reoccurrence. Five to ten percent of women of childbearing age are affected by PCOS. Stein-Leventhal Syndrome can transpire at any age prior to menopause. Women can go months without being diagnosed, because warning signs coincide with so many other womens health issues. PCOS is unknown to some women yet it causes a multiplicity of symptoms that has an impact on female reproductive health in many approaches that can be truly overwhelming. Although PCOS affects the reproductive system, it is imperative to understand that PCOS is an endocrine disorder. Proteins are secreted or released in to the bloodstream promptly. These are known as hormones. Circadian rhythms or the bodys normal, everyday regularity are synchronized by those hormones. Hormonal substances include metabolism of mineral deposits, reactions to stress, sexual performance, reproduction, and management of fluids. Endocrine glands such as pituitary, hypothalamus, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas and ovaries produce hormones in women. When there are glitches and breakdowns in the hormonal development, the womans body is significantly disturbed. Women with Stein-Leventhal Syndrome have ovaries that created profusion of follicles each month without giving off an egg. PCOS can play a role in irregular periods, excessive weight gain despite the effort of diet and exercise. Acne and excessive facial hair are also caused by the syndrome. It is also the most common cause of infertility in the United States. PCOS is often a short-term, yet in can lead to life-long illnesses. For example, young girls are seen going through puberty when their ovaries are trying to set a regular menstrual cycle. It is also noticed in women during the years of transition to perimenopause. Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome is temporary but can lead to insulin resistance. This leads to nonstop high levels of insulin in the bloodstream. It is possible that this extra insulin glitches onto the receptors lining the ovary and quickens cyst production. This is an issue that should be monitored because women with insulin resistance have a greater risk of developing other serious health problems, like diabetes, heart disease, and metabolic syndrome.  [6]   Many case studies have shown that women from adolescents to adults are not diagnosed until they want to become pregnant or when they have other health issues. Women should be treated as soon as possible particularly when risks are shown such as infrequent menstrual cycles, weight gain, and facial hair. The advantage will be that the risk of long-term health problems such as obesity and diabetes do not occur. Age is not a factor because case studies have shown that girl as young as nine years old have been diagnosed with the Stein-Leventhal Syndrome or Polycystic Ovaries. Regular menstrual periods are vital in order to avoid osteoporosis and sustain the defensive effects of estrogen in a different place body. Therefore more young women should be exposed to polycystic ovarian syndrome so that they can be tested in order to avoid further complications from diseases. Left untreated, PCOS can lead to detriment that occurs with such diseases. Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome is not a disease but a disorder that no one is definite about what causes it in the first place. A disorder is a pathological condition that presents a group of symptoms peculiar to it and that sets the condition apart as an abnormal entity differing from other normal or pathological body states. In short, a disorder is curable through medicine and treatment, whereas a disease is not. Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome is a true illustration of the domino theory, which states that if one act or event is allowed to take place then a series of similar events will follow. PCOS is a curable disorder, leading to other curable disorders then soon falls into the incurable category. It is a chain reaction. Starting with PCOS it continues, causing skin and thyroid disorders and sleep apnea, then it leads to diabetes and cardiovascular disease. It is also important to understand that PCOS causes stress and mental disorders. Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome is more than an endocrine disorder. Also known as the Stein-Leventhal Syndrome, it is a systemic disorder. This means that instead of affecting one somatic part of the body, it affects other systems as well, including the Integumentary System, Central Nervous System, and Lymphatic System. Stein-Leventhal Syndrome goes beyond being a physical condition. It causes emotional and cognitive distress, affecting every aspect of life. As an endocrine disorder, diabetes is the most common occurrence in Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome. In particular, mellitus diabetes is a disorder of carbohydrate metabolism, characterized by hyperglycemia, which is the increase of blood sugar. It is also set apart by glycosuria, which is presence of sugar in the urine. It results from inadequate production or utilization of insulin. The basic cause of diabetes is unknown but direct cause is failure of beta cells of the pancreas to secrete an adequate amount of insulin. Beta cells are cells of islets of the pancreas that secrete insulin. In most instances, diabetes mellitus is the result of genetic disorder, but it may also result from a deficiency of beta cells caused by inflammation, malignant invasion of the pancreas or surgery. In the absence insulin, glycogenesis and glycolysis are inversely affected. It is currently thought that insulin acts primarily at the cell membrane, facilitating transport of glucose into cells. PCOS influences the integumentary system causing alterations in the skin, consisting of the corium and dermis, and epidermis. It is also known for its manipulation on the skin and its appendage, including the hair and nails. Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome is known for causing acne, pimples, and oily skin. Other common conditions include skin tags, which are thick lumps of skin. These lumps darken and thicken around the neck, groin, underarms and skin folds, which can be easily removed by a dermatologist. Approximately half of the women with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome have a skin crisis, however, only a few of these women will suffer from scalp hair thinning or lost. There are two studies, A Thousand Cases of PCOS (Eden and Warren, 1999) and The Resistant Acne Study (Eden, 1991), that demonstrates vital details. PCOS is commonly found among women with acne, especially severe acne. According to doctors, there seem to be a correlation between excess body hair and blood androgen levels, but little or no evidence to prove the severity of this correlation. Hormonal therapies are effective in treatment of these conditions irrespective of whether or not there is an identifiable hormonal issue.  [7]   Hair is made of Keratin, which is a protein. Hair strands will grow longer and longer as this protein is release into the root of the hair. Hair extends from the sebaceous follicle and each follicle has a growth cycle. Disturbance in androgen-estrogen balance affects the n sebaceous glands, causing acne. Increased secretion of androgens causes an increase in size and activity of the pilosebaceous glands. This causes vitamin deficiencies which trigger problems of the skin. PCOS relationship with the integumentary system explains the relevance of Hirutism. Infertility is the number one cause of women being diagnosed with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome. Infertility is characterized by the inability or diminished ability to produce offspring. Most factors responsible for infertility includes immature or abnormal reproductive systems, anomalies of other organ in that vicinity, infections, endocrine dysfunction and emotional problems. Studies have shown that the Stein-Leventhal syndrome or PCOS is associated with sleep apnea. Research is now proving that hormone imbalances caused by Insulin Resistance and PCOS predisposes women to additional heath problems. One such problem is Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA), the uncontrolled closure of the upper airway which causes one to stop breathing while sleeping. Sleep disorder can therefore, negatively influence and/or slow down the most basic physiological functioning, triggering a ripple-effect throughout the body. Studies show that women with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome have an exceptionally high risk of sleep apnea. Women are normally not awakened by the repeated nightly episodes, but others awake with the experience of being choked or asphyxiated. Symptoms of Sleep Apnea include chronic loud snoring, gasping/choking episodes during sleep, excessive daytime sleepiness and personality changes.  [8]   Women with PCOS have an exceptionally high risk of sleep apnea. Increased weight and obesity may play a significant role. High Body Mass Index plays a role to an insulin imbalance that results in a flow of problems related to Insulin Resistance, the inability of the body to effectively manage glucose. Because of a series of biochemical errors, insulin is unable to successfully bind to cells, reducing its ability to transfer glucose into those cells to be converted into energy. This causes a buildup of both insulin and glucose in the blood that contributes to the gathering of plaque in blood vessels. Studies also indicate that Insulin Resistance may be a solid risk factor than excessive testosterone in the incidence of PCOS. In a controlled study, women with PCOS were thirty times more likely to suffer from sleep disordered breathing and reported higher frequencies of daytime sleepiness than the control group. Researchers also found that while testosterone levels between the two groups were parallel; their fasting plasma insulin levels were significantly higher, indicating that sleep apnea might suggest an insulin-related endocrine abnormality.  [9]  These findings further confirm the link between PCOS, Insulin Resistance and higher incidences of diabetic conditions.  [10]   Some women who suffer from PCOS also correlates with factors such as high cholesterol. These victims are at a great risk of high LDL levels. This is commonly known as the bad cholesterol. Disregarding this condition can lead to strokes and heart attacks. In addition, women with PCOS frequently obtain low levels of HDL. This is known as the good cholesterol. Low levels of the good cholesterol increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. Hence, the lower the levels of LDL are and the greater the HDL levels are, there is a slim chance of damage to the cardiovascular disease. Women with the Stein-Leventhal Syndrome are almost twice as likely to experience atherosclerosis. It is characterized by a variable combination of changes of the intima of arteries, consisting of the focal accumulation of lipids, complex carbohydrates, blood and blood products, fibrous tissue and calcium deposits, and associated with changes in the media of arteries. Atherosclerotic plaques are of two major types. One is characterized by the prominent proliferation of cells with small accumulation of lipids. The other is distinguished by its makeup of intracellular and extracellular lipid accumulation and a small amount of cellular proliferation. The causes of atherosclerosis are unknown. However, other risk factors include hypertension, cigarette smoking, and stress. Family history also plays an important role. Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome helps contribute to the number one killer of women in the United States, which is coronary heart disease. Continual high levels of insulin are produced in the pancreas. This it is liberated into the circulatory system. These high levels of insulin lead to obesity and hypertension, which are both antecedents of heart disease. As insulin connects to artery walls, it impairs the tissue, causing the primary damage that generates plaque. Hence, having PCOS causes a drastic transformation in the blood lipids and overall health of the cardiovascular system that plays a role in the development of coronary heart disease. Suggestions for reducing heart disease are primarily the same as decreasing insulin resistance. Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome leads to lifelong diseases such as cancer, heart disease, and diabetes. The onset of these diseases only declines the womans health even more and normally leads to her cause of death. There is a strong correlation between the Stein and Leventhal Syndrome and endometrial cancer. There is also a proportional relationship between PCOS and cholesterol levels that can eventually lead to some type of cardiovascular dysfunction. The endometrial cancer is very important when discussing Polycystic Ovaries. The endometrium is the inside layer of the uterus and is made up of tissue that is loaded in blood vessels. Every month the lining of a menstruating woman is developed in arrangement for a potential pregnancy. If a pregnancy does not occur then the lining will shed. Endometrial cancer is developed inside the uterus. As stages develop it broaden beyond the borders of the pelvis. Endometrial cancer usually is curable. However factors such as the stage and outcome of hormones on the cancer can establish each individuals prognosis. Women with the Stein-Leventhal Syndrome do have a greater risk for developing endometrial cancer, while small. The woman is at a greater risk the more irregular or absent her cycle is. During the normal menstrual, the lining of the uterus or endometrium is open to elements like hormones, including estrogen. This causes the lining to proliferate and thicken. When ovulation does not take place, which is usual in PCOS, the endometriun does not shed and is exposed to greater amounts of estrogen, which causes the endometrium to grow much more than normal. This is what enhances the likelihood of cancer cells beginning to cultivate.  [11]   Women with Stein Leventhal Syndrome or Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome experience psychological effects that are minimal while most women may experience moderate to severe effects. Women with this disorder can lead to diseases such as obesity and diabetes which affect the entire body. Depression can also develop in patients with PCOS. Most women who experience PCOS need emotional and social support. This support is needed to deal constructively with the impact that this have on their lives. Studies have shown that a strong network of family and friends is a tremendous asset to have. This network enhances patients with PCOS to strive to win the battle for a healthy lifestyle. The endocrine gland relative to the hormone issue can cause depression to evolve. PCOS causes a decrease of vital function causing mental depression characterized by altered moods. Significant weight gain usually occurs with PCOS and sometimes worthlessness, self-reproach or excessive guilt. For example, women may feel guilt or distressed when they are unable to produce offspring or they are infertile. Stress can occur when demands of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome are placed for a woman to adjust or adopt. Stress is a major risk factor for illnesses and diseases. The body reacts to stress in a series of stages known as the general adaptation syndrome (GAS), which involves three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion. Studies show that stress lowers the bodys resistance to disease by weakening the immune system. Events seem to be more stressful when they involve pressure, a lack of control, unpredictability, and intense or repeated emotional shocks. Stress is intensified when a situation is perceived as a threat and when a person does not feel competent to cope with it. The bodys reactions to stress can directly damage internal organs and stress impairs the bodys immune system, increasing susceptibility to disease. The impact of life changes on long range susceptibility to illness. Intense or prolonged stress may cause damage in the form of psychosomatic problems, including heart attacks, strokes, etc. Stress is often the start Insulin Resistance, which contributes to Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome. More insulin is secreted when women eat foods that are high in sugar, fat, and carbohydrates. As sugar or glucose levels ascend in reply to stress, they fuel the production of insulin. This has a large amount of depressing affects. It uphold the synthesis of cholesterol, which a cause dysfunction of the kidneys and high blood pressure. Furthermore, hormones used to respond to excess insulin, such as noradrenalin, are stress-related chemicals that are responsible for raising blood pressure and storing fats. In addition to stress factors, Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome is deeply linked to pathophysiology , Alzheimers disease, indications of depression and other mental disorders. The evidence underlying the theory of Alzheimers disease includes neuro-endocrine conditions described in both disorders and test show that increased levels of glucose in the blood stream and decreased cerebral blood flow in specific areas of the brains of patients put them at risk for Alzheimers disease. Scientists also found that Alzheimer patients had better memory after increased doses of glucose in the blood stream. Women with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome experience depression and mood swings. A study found that women with PCOS are more likely to develop depression or depressive symptoms. This may have some relationship with the psychological and metabolic effects of obesity. Depression is a severe mood disorder which may or may not affect the way that people function in their daily life.  [12]  These functions include difficulty with sleeping, changes on eating habits, lost of interest in sex and activities and physical pains. Further research is needed but since there has been some studies that linked depression to Diabetes, thus to Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome. Diabetic women who have twice the risk of being depressed have shown improvement when they received therapy. Natalie Rasgons study showed that women with PCOS are depressed not just only because of the symptoms but also because of underlying biology. Proper management of polycystic ovary syndrome primarily concentrates on each womans main concerns. Each womans symptoms differ, so it ranges from indications such as infertility, hirsutism, acne or obesity. Long term, which is the most important aspect of treatment, is managing cardiovascular risks such as obesity, high blood cholesterol, diabetes and high blood pressure. Other symptoms need to be rid as well such as depression, stress, and mental or emotional disorders. Treatment options vary based on the doctor and patient. Often times, the diagnosis is solved by simple methods but sometimes the solution or treatment is complex. Many times oral contraceptives are prescribed because they are effective for regulating menstrual cycles. It is also known for the reduction of male hormones and minimizing the risks of uterine cancer. Weight lost diets and other ovulation medications are recommended for treatment. The most common treatment for Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome is oral contraceptives, also known as birth control pills. Oral contraceptives help maintain periods, a reduced amount of unwanted hair, clearer skin, and other therapeutic benefits. Oral contraceptive pills can help to normalize the menstrual period in order that the cycle comes about every twenty eight days. Normally, the pill causes lighter cycles as well. Oral contraceptive pills can lower androgen hormone levels and lessen the amount of excess hair growth, or hirsutism. It can take six months before there is a decrease in unwanted hair on the face, chest, back and stomach. Oral contraceptive pills can improve acne. The hormones in most types of the Pill can help stop acne from forming. Because there is less menstrual bleeding with the use of oral contraceptive pills, women taking the Pill are less likely to become anemic. Oral contraceptive pills also decrease your chance of getting endometrial (lining of the uterus) cancer, ovarian cancer, and ovarian cysts, which are all factors of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome. A recent study uncovered another treatment for Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome. There was a case where a 35 year old woman was suffering from Amenorrhea, acne on the face and chest, and habitual abdominal pain. She was diagnosed with Polycystic Ovaries. Her doctor prescribed D-pinitol with a dosage of 600mg twice a day. The prescribed D-pinitol supplement resulted in normal menstruation and resolved the acne and abdominal pains. D-pinitol or 3-O-methyl-D-chiro-inositol is also found in foods such as legumes and citrus fruits as an effective supplement for the treatment of PCOS.(Gaby,2009) D-Pinitol can develop glucose metabolism and help intensify cellular energy. Furthermore, its increase prolongs energy output by improving glucose metabolism. In other words, this medication mimics the hormone insulin. Thus, this medicine can regulate insulin levels, prohibiting the trigger of Diabetes and other metabolic factors.  [13]   Losing weight is also a well-known solution that reduces certain hormones that curb or eliminate the projection of male hormones. Progestins (synthetic progesterones) which increase ovulation are often used to decrease certain hormones. Insulin-sensitizing anti-diabetic drugs can be used to decrease the presence of Stein Leventhal Syndrome or PCOS. Anti-androgens are used to stop the androgen increase which is a form of a male hormone. Treatment or non-treatment may have psychological effects. In order to take control of weight, it is suggested to choose nutritious, high-fiber carbohydrates instead of sugary or refined carbohydrates. Also, it is necessary to balance carbohydrates with protein and healthy fats. One should eat small meals and snacks throughout the day instead of large meals. Most importantly, exercising regularly will help manage insulin levels and weight levels. Other solutions to PCOS include non-steroidal agents, such as Clomiphene and Gunastotropin, which are used to stimulate ovulation in women who have potentially functioning pituitary and ovarian systems. Women treated with this medicine who become pregnant have an increased incidence of multiple births. Gunastotropin is a hormone produced by the fetal placenta that maintains the function of the corpus luteum. The purpose of the hormone is to induce ovulation in infertility that is caused by in adequate stimulation of the ovary by endogenous gunastotropic hormones. These are hormones produced by anterior lobe of the hypophysis, which includes the follicle-stimulating hormone and the luteinizing hormone.  [14]   Herbs and Vitamins are also considered in order to promote a more natural approach to treat Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome. Chromium, B vitamins, Zinc and Magnesium are just some of the vitamins that are affected by Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome and are needed to maintain a healthy body and lifestyle. For example, Magnesium levels have been found to be low in people with diabetes and there is a strong link between magnesium deficiency and insulin resistance. It is, therefore, an important mineral to include when Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome is involved. Chromium is an extremely important mineral when discussing PCOS. It helps to encourage the formation of glucose tolerance factor which is a substance released by the liver and required to make insulin more efficient. A deficiency of chromium can lead to insulin resistance, which is a key problem in the case of PCOS; too much insulin can be circulating but it is unable to control blood sugar levels. Chromium is the most widely researched mineral used in the treatment of overweight. It helps to control cravings and reduces hunger. Chromium also helps to control fat and cholesterol in the blood. Vitamins B2, B3, B5 and B6 are particularly useful for controlling weight. Vitamin B2 helps to turn fat, sugar and protein into energy. B3 is a component of the glucose tolerance factor, which is released every time blood sugar rises, and vitamin B3 helps to keep the levels in balance. Vitamin B5 has been shown to help with weight loss because it helps to control fat metabolism. B6 is also important for maintaining hormone balance and, together with B2 and B3, is necessary for normal thyroid hormone production. Any deficiencies in these vitamins can affect thyroid function and consequently affect the metabolism. The B vitamins are also essential for the liver to convert your old hormones into harmless substances, which can then be excreted from the body. Zinc is an important mineral for appetite control and a deficiency can cause a loss of taste and smell, creating a need for stronger-tasting foods, including those that are saltier, sugary and/or spicier often more fattening, Zinc is also necessary for the correct action of many hormones, including insulin, so it is extremely important in balancing blood sugar. It also functions together with vitamins A and E in the manufacture of thyroid hormone.  [15]   Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome, also known as PCOS and the Stein-Leventhal Syndrome is one of the most perilous of endocrine and hormonal disorders that a woman can undergo. It inflicts disorder in a number of vicinities of the human body. It varies from infertility and skin conditions to Insulin Resistance and Diabetes. These instances lead to a number of cardiovascular diseases. Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome is depicted by excessive high levels of insulin initiated by Insulin Resistance. This is a circumstance that stops the effective change of food into energy, simply because it causes the cell wall to be negligent toward insulin. Insulin allows sugar, or glucose to permeate the cell wall and be transformed into energy. Instead of the insulin going through the cell wall, it stays there allowing a large amount of insulin to penetrate into the bloodstream. This will inflate hormone stages to an extent to where it causes the woman to be really unhealthy. When this occurs, glucose, or blood sugar, stays in the blood stream, which make its high levels be transported to the liver. When the sugar makes it to the liver, it is then turned into fat and stored all over the body. In essence, this course of action leads to obesity and weight gain. Insulin that floats freely in the body can clog the lining of the arteries, which causes atherosclerosis. It is depicted as a harmful upsurge that proliferate the danger to the cardiovascular system, allowing strokes and heart attacks to occur. The extreme, unnecessary amounts of insulin levels that are related to Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome also arouse the ovaries to release irregular levels of testosterone. These are particularly male hormones that can stop the ovaries from secreting an egg each month. This causes the woman to be infertile, or unable to conceive children. Women who suffer from the Stein-Leventhal Syndrome also have a higher risk of getting diabetes. The development of diabetes increases womens chance of having cardiovascular disease. Researchers have proved that women with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome have a much greater risk of developing heart trouble than women who do not have it. When testosterone levels are at its peak, women with the Stein-Leventhal Syndrome have excessive hair growth or increasingly male features. Testosterone levels affect patterns of baldness and other conditions such as acne. Obesity is a huge fundamental cause of Polycystic Ovaries. Stress develops in the cardiovascular system when weight increases. The weight gain causes the lungs and the heart to work harder in order that there is a sufficient amount of blood throughout the body that is oxygenated. Also, an increase in LDL, which is bad cholesterol and low levels of good cholesterol, HDL, amplifies the risk of heart attack and stroke. Because of the variety of possible symptoms, diagnosis can be a complex and lengthy proce

Sonnet 43 Essay -- essays research papers

Sonnet 43, A Touching Love Poem If one were to ever receive a love poem, Shakespeare’s Sonnet 43 would be and excellent poem to receive. The sonnet is addressed to the beloved of the speaker. The speaker talks about how the best thing he sees is upon the closing of his eyes, when he then pictures the beloved. The speaker talks about how the rest of the world is unworthy to look upon compared to the beloved. The speaker talks about how sleep is the best time, because that is when he can see the beloved in his dreams. Day is like night, dreary with waiting for the night to come, in order to see the beloved again. This sonnet is pretty much straight forward with what it says, but there are some examples of some literary techniques incorporated within the poem. First off, this sonnet follows the typical form of most Shakespearean sonnets. It has 14 lines, which the typical rhyme scheme of abab cdcd efef gg. The sonnet is also written in Iambic Pentameter. This sonnet deals with the traditional sonnet topic of love. Many sonnets throughout time have dealt with the topic of love. In this sonnet there are several examples of repetition of words within the same line. The first two lines of Sonnet 43 start with the speaker declaring that he sees best when he closes his eyes, for all day he views things that go by unheeded, or are unworthy to look upon, when compared to the looks of the beloved. There are not many literary mechanisms in the first two line...

Brand Comparisons on Carlsberg and Heineken Essay

Carlsberg is the world ‘s fourth largest brewing group , founded in 1847 , is headquartered in Copenhagen, Denmark. Carlsberg is also the company ‘s major beer brands . Carlsberg is popular in more than 150 countries around the world , to the best quality of all-cause all Carlsberg beer brewing . In time more than 160 years , Carlsberg parties friends to lead one . Whether they come from a sports bar the street Kodate , or clothing coming fashion restaurant , will share the passion of sports , a toast to share together. Carlsberg is deeply love the world of high-grade beer, the quality was excellent and relaxed, the palate is rich smooth. All because in the brewing process, Carlsberg adopted the whole malt production, cooperate with the country of origin has the high quality water, combined with brewing under the pure European taste. Sports sponsorship in Carlsberg brand strategy of indispensable status. Carlsberg and football partner relationship is Carlsberg proud tradi tion. To make this tradition to carry forward, Carlsberg, more will continue to sponsor European football championship, begin from 1992 sponsored by England and the world’s most fans like the team – Liverpool football club. Dutch Henry Pierre Heineken beer company was founded by Gerard in 1864. In 1971,Freddy Heineken as Heineken company President. Under his leadership, Heineken company consists of a family enterprise development into one by the family holding joint-stock company group. Heineken beer into other European countries, and go all the way across the ocean in North America, Asia, Africa and Latin America. In 2002, sweet Aaron DE carvalho  · throughout the country will succeed to the company President, Heineken company in the global conducted a number of acquisitions. At present, Heineken beer in more than 50 countries and regions with more than 110 beer enterprise pool, the products in more than 170 countries and regional sales. This has 100 years of history of beer breweries has become the most international reputation of beer is one of the group. Heineken company’s fourth generation successor Heineken Appeared in 2004 Forbes global rankings, $4.6 billion 94th column. Effective integrated marketing communications is a magic weapon in the  fastest-growing segment of the global giant. In 1999, Heineken in global marketing on the input costs as high as the company year 14% of income, about 815 million dollars. The ably Heineken beer and entertainment, sports organic combine, frequently in various international sports and music festival in appearance. In many large tennis open, concerts and film festival, people can see Heineken green identification. Heineken and it pure crystal, and vibrant green experience is accompanied by music festival sponsored by time, sports competition in the world the pursuit of personality, the pursuit of fashion life sharing. Without doubt, Carlsberg and Heineken are all typical brands which is worth doing some study. This paper just discussed and analyzed the two brands and gave some proposals for other brands. The Analysis of Carlsberg and Heineken Information gathered from research carried out tells us that Carlsberg and Heineken have done an extremely good job in the promotion of its product below is a list of the facts learnt. The Current Situation of Carlsberg Market segmentation With the development of economy, high-grade consumer place function, tend to be diversified, many people put the business talks, Private party, emotional communication was moved to western restaurant or bar, this to high-grade beer puts forward more requirements. People need some cultural connotation of different beer. And Heineken beer no matter in cultural connotation, but also is alcohol content, taste, quality, and even packing are just cater to these needs. â€Å"Heineken† this international top brands has seemed as if the bar culture. Target market Enter China’s Heineken beer positioning in high-grade beer market, target consumption group is medium and high income levels and white-collar, it must be a very clear, very targeted. Although Heineken beer target market clear, will sights high income people, but also is not invariable, especially in young consumption group training. Heineken beer consciousness to the young generation of beer consumption ability in raising, in order to prevent brand aging, young people market naturally become Heineken main battlefield: should close to younger customers, also cannot distance love to drink beer middle-aged, because the latter is Heineken company’s core customer, and the former is the core of future customers. Market position While entered the Chinese market, Heineken beer is targeting high-end consumption market, so in the short term to build a wide range of distribution system is almost impossible, this requires the accurate market positioning. Because a lot of business activities and this kind of target customers a chance to learn about Heineken brand, prompting them to choose Heineken brand products. They not only have the demand of high-grade beer, can also for high quality, high-grade beer pay higher price. So from the south China area in, relatively easy to open the situation, and the south China region has good transport system, which is not easy to transport of beer products is very important. The Current Situation of Heineken In China, also avoid the public carlsberg beer market fierce positive competition, will be 18 to 30 years of age crowd again segmentation, with personalized marketing means to meet the young group is more exquisite and needs. Carlsberg will fashionable breath, friends sharing spirit, experience France’s new fashion and so on to the different needs of the Chinese consumers. No matter whether the young group market segments of digging, or the super high-end market strategy layout, carlsberg through a successful single products, the realization of the qualitative change of every little makes a mickle. Proposals for the Two Brands The summary of my research analysis is that current promotional methods are good for Carlsberg and Heineken and have been very effective over the past years but I believe that there are some changes which can be made that will improve the profit of the company and increase customer loyalty. Below are  my proposals: (1)to ensure that the quality of product, set up the high quality brand image Quality is the life of the brand, consumer demand for the quality of the products is the most basic demand on brand demand, strengthen product quality management, and constantly improve the quality of the products of consumer satisfaction is the premise and foundation of successful brand. Beer enterprise must further research target market target consumption group on brand quality and taste to unrael the, and accordingly improve and perfect the quality of beer, set up the high quality of beer brand image. (2) pay attention to product packaging design Due to the characteristics of beer consumption, the product homogeneity is higher, consumer spending more take a fancy to beer character and value, thus packing become beer brand personality and value propaganda means and tools. (3) to do advertising As the AD displayed to the full product performance, properties, appearance, packaging, etc., increase the consumer brand cognition, through advertising, can quicken brand communication, promote brand awareness and establish brand image.

The Historic Rise of Christian Fundamentalism in the United States in the Late Nineteenth Century.

Fundamentalism is a religious response to modernity. Although the term is frequently used in a popular context to mean any religious position perceived to be traditional, archaic or scripture-bound, it has a specific meaning from an historical perspective, and a genealogy which has seen the term change from the self-referential description of a particular religious group, to a term which may have lost its impact through misplaced, and indiscriminate, application.Originally used by a specific group of American Protestants, who shared a similar world-view and theology, Fundamentalism grew from individuals within disparate denominations finding common cause to an organized movement with the power to challenge modernity at the level of the courtroom and the popular press. This essay will consider just how we can account for Fundamentalism’s emergence in the US by first considering its historical roots within the Great Awakening, and up to the 1920’s with the Scopes â€Å"M onkey† trial.Secondly it will consider the theological innovations that underpinned Fundamentalism by exploring both Dispensationalism and Premillenarianism, before finally placing Fundamentalism within its sociological background by looking at broader cultural movements in American society, and considering how changes in both the scientific and intellectual spheres challenged the traditional place of evangelical Protestantism. Christian fundamentalism has been succinctly defined by George Marsden as â€Å"militantly anti-modernist Protestant evangelicalism. In the latter part of the 19th century and into the first decades of the 20th they developed specific beliefs and operating principles that set them apart from what was, in their view, dangerously liberal evangelical Protestantism. In a post-Darwinian world the Protestant worldview, particularly in the US, came under a number of specific threats from advances in science and contemporary intellectual developments. Unlike t he liberals, who sought compromise with these developments, it was the Fundamentalists â€Å"chief duty to combat uncompromisingly ‘modernist’ theology and certain secularizing cultural trends. † This militant tendency would eventually lead them to challenge modernity in the courtroom, and through utilizing the political system to achieve their ends. Although Fundamentalists were anti-modernity, they were not anti-modern in their readiness to embrace new forms of communication media. Newspapers, publishing, cinema and radio were all exploited as effective methods to publicize their agenda. The very term â€Å"Fundamentalism† was coined in 1920, in the Watchman-Examiner newspaper, by Curtis Lee Laws, who defined fundamentalists as those ready to â€Å"do battle royal for the Fundamentals. Traditional evangelicalism, from which Fundamentalism would grow, had taken shape during the Great Awakening of the 18th century. A series of Christian revivals had broug ht together a number of disparate movements, and blended Calvinist and Methodist theologies along with experiential conversion into a powerful and popular Christian movement. It also preached on the evils of alcohol and other forms of vice, in addition to the need to evangelize to the poor for their moral renewal through a social Gospel that emphasized personal piety and good works. Nineteenth century America started out as an overwhelmingly Protestant country.The specific lineage of the majority group was traced back to northern European ancestry, from the settlers who had travelled across the Atlantic in search of land in which they might practice a truly reformed Christianity. Different colonies along the eastern seaboard had been under the theocratic rule of the different Protestant sects, yet all had a common purpose in implementing God’s will as laid out in the Bible. This would all change with the arrival in the 1820s off the first large scale immigration of Catholics, along with Jews and other religious minorities.Together with homegrown religious movements like the Mormons, these new groups altogether changed the religious landscape of the US, and helped to reconcile the different protestant groups to one another. Evangelicalism emerged as a â€Å"voluntary association of believers founded on the authority of the Bible alone. † The evolutionary theories of Charles Darwin had a profoundly worring effect on the victorian Protestant mindset. They, along with advances in philology, geology and the historical critical method of Biblical scholarship began to undermine the foundations of religious certitude.The Bible had been seen as the very word of God and was therefore the only guide a Christian would need to guide her through the ethical and moral trials of life, safe in the knowledge that God’s will was being followed. The Bible had always been revered as â€Å"the revealed word of God, correct in every detail and in need of no add ition† to the text, and yet it was now under sustained questioning within academia. Towards the end of the 19th century an interdenominational revivalist network, which sought to counter these trends, began to take shape around the era’s greatest evangelist, Dwight L.Moody. A one-time shoe salesman, Moody had a conversion experience to evangelicalism. After a massively popular tour of Ireland and the UK in the mid 19th century he returned to the US as a preacher with the power to attract very large audiences. Moody was of the generation immediately preceding that of the Fundamentalists, but he had nonetheless provided them with a sufficiently well developed network (which included his famous Bible Institute), and a strong charismatic personality about which the emerging movement could coalesce.Moody, who could not countenance â€Å"Liberals in what they were teaching or doing to the Christian Faith†, found common ground with Fundamentalist thinkers and opinion sh apers. Starting in 1910 a series of small booklets appeared called â€Å"The Fundamentals†. Each booklet contained a series of essays by a leading evangelical thinker, plus a number of personal stories that attested to a radicalized evangelicalism.Although Fundamentalism, as we now know it, did not emerge as an absolute ideology from this publication alone, it was emerging as a broad movement within evangelical Protestantism as more of its membership took an increasingly hard line on modernity. As they saw themselves â€Å"losing control of their churches, their families, their working environments, their schools and their nation† certain members withdrew into a specific eschatological belief system and a principle of separatism from liberal protestant thinkers.Organized around a system of Bible â€Å"conventions† that were held in the birthplace of Fundamentalism, New England, leading evangelistic preachers and scholars contemplated their â€Å"opposition to m odernist theology and to some of the relativistic cultural changes that modernism embraced. † Relativism, especially where the revealed word of God was concerned, was a hated innovation. Fundamentalists refused to acknowledge the relative merit of each religion, or each Christian denomination; either their beliefs were right and were worth defending, or they were wrong.They would defend an absolute truth, but not a relative one. The second decade of the 20th century saw the Fundamentalists win two important battles, but gain public opprobrium as a direct result. The first, the Scopes â€Å"Monkey† trial of 1925, was a victory that saw the courts uphold the teaching of the Genesis account of human origins over the empirical Darwinian view. The case became a cause celebre throughout the US, and opened up the Fundamentalist position to widespread ridicule through a largely hostile press. The second front in which they had a pyric victory was over prohibition.The ban on alc ohol consumption was in place from 1919-1933, during which time illegal alcohol distillation and sales fueled the rise of mafia organizations, and encouraged political and police corruption. Public morality did not increase as a result of banning alcohol, and the public resented the intrusion of religious ideology into public life. Afterwards Fundamentalists largely withdrew from public life to nurse their wounds and regroup, rather than retreat. Fundamentalism arose as a â€Å"historically new religious movement with distinctive beliefs† from its base in evangelical Protestantism.These beliefs, which they would go to great lengths to promote and defend, centered on their own conception of themselves as a special people in God’s eyes with a Biblically mandated mission to prepare the way for the return of Christ. The two most characteristic beliefs, which defined the Protestant Christian Fundamentalist, were dispensationalism and premillenarianism. Fundamentalists drew their theology from a literal reading of Christian scripture, with a special emphasis being placed on the eschatological books of Revelation and Daniel, from which they were able to discern God’s plan for mankind’s future.A literal interpretation of Holy Scripture demands the believer is able to trust the text as a revealed source of God’s will. Fundamentalists believed the Bible to be the actual word of God, as revealed to the authors of the various books it contains. The message it contains must be divinely ordered; free from the errors human agency is so prone to. Inerrancy in the Bible, specifically the King James version, was the central pillar Fundamentalist theologians developed their understanding of God’s will upon.They believed the Bible free from all mistakes, errors and faults; that it was in an unchanged condition since the earliest days of Christianity’s founding fathers. It could therefore be absolutely relied upon by the individual for her understanding of the words and deeds of Christ, his followers and his message of salvation. It was the â€Å"infallible word of God and hence anything which challenged it†¦was not just wrong but sinful†¦Ã¢â‚¬  especially for the evangelical who took a liberal position, and risked personal damnation by doing so.Another central tenant, that of â€Å"dispensationalism†, became a hallmark belief for Fundamentalists. It is a scheme for â€Å"interpreting all of history on the basis of the Bible, following the principle of ‘literal where possible. ’† They believed that history was divided up into seven distinct eras, or dispensations. Each of these eras was marked by a catastrophe for mankind, so the first dispensation was recorded in Genesis as the period of Eden, which culminated in the expulsion of Adam and Eve from the earthly paradise with the stain of original sin.Others dispensations ended with Noah and the flood, or the Tower of Babel and mutually incomprehensible languages etc. The present age was known as the â€Å"age of the Church† and would culminate in the apocalypse as foretold by the revelation of John in the New Testament. This would be followed by the return of Christ to earth and the final of the seven dispensations; that of the reign of God on earth. The revelation of John, as interpreted by the Fundamentalists, speaks of a period of time numbering one thousand years in which Christ will reign before judgment on humanity.Theological debate within evangelical Christianity takes two approaches to just when the millennium will take place – one side, the moderate evangelicals, believes there will be a millennium followed by judgement and the other side, that of the Fundamentalists, believes that Christ will return first, judge human kind and institute the period of heaven on earth. This belief, of Christ’s return followed by the millennium, is known as premillenarianism and became fo r Christians with fundamentalist leanings the focal point for both their heological positioning, and for informing both their political and social policies. Moderate evangelical millenarians believed that helping those worse off in this world, the poor and the destitute, would bring about Christ’s return through instigating a period of prosperity first, hence they involved themselves in the social Gospel through good works and charity. Premillenarians, on the other hand, waited on the return of Christ first and therefore did not believe that charitable work would save souls from the coming judgment.Theological development within fundamentalism was therefore a response to greater sociological conditions prevalent in the US in the early decades of the 20th century. Post-war America was a radically different country than it had been just two generations before. Sociological conditions had altered in ways that elicited a response from some Protestants that were analogous to the e xperience of ethno-cultural groups newly arrived in the US; Protestants had, in Marsden’s analogy, â€Å"experienced the transition from the old world of the nineteenth century to the new world of the twentieth wholly involuntarily. Fundamentalists had experienced a traumatic cultural shock as the result of changes to American society that had been rapid, far-ranging and decisive. Structural changes within the family, the work place and the political order had dislodged the Protestant world-view in the US from a position of being, in their view, normative to a relative position in the panoply of religious identities in the modern American experience. Traditional Protestantism was â€Å"no longer a matter of necessity; it was a choice and a leisure activity. This fragmentation of Protestant identity was a mirror of broader changes that had taken place within society. Social institutions had undergone a shift, within modernity, that fed into the Fundamentalist idea of change as anathema to stability and as undermining a true understanding of Christianity, and its role as the only sure path to personal salvation. The family unit had been, within living memory for many of Fundamentalism’s early adherents, a stable basis upon which to build the religious life.As an agrarian unit, the family had encouraged hierarchy with the father on top of a structure that spent most of its time together. This was necessary for the time consuming, and expensive, business of agricultural production. Family life, which included work, education, prayer and social instruction, had once guaranteed the propagation of the next generation of family, worker and religious adherent. Modernity brought new social roles, and new forms of social mobilization, through factory production and office work.Men, and to a lesser degree women, now traveled to a place of employment outside of the family home. The area of the US that had seen the greatest amount of industrialization, the N ortheast, was also the area that gave birth to Fundamentalism. As new opportunities to better oneself socially and financially arose so did new forms of egalitarianism. The needs of a developing industrial society called for the individualization of people through empowering them to make personal decisions about where they would live, marry and pray.Within the cities many people began to explore new forms of spiritual expression, with substantial numbers of people returning to traditional branches of a Protestantism which was now exploring new theologies, such as premillenarianism, in response to anomic uncertainty. Fundamentalism attracted growing numbers of people in urban, rather than rural, settings through marginalization and alienation. â€Å"The growth of fundamentalist churches†¦was largely through conversion† of individuals within the city seeking the assurances offered by the theological assertions of the most radical Protestant sects.The position of the Bible as the inerrant word of God had come under considerable pressure from science through the application of historical critical methodologies, as well as other from other disciplines that were investigating the Bible from new intellectual perspectives, and so had conceded it’s role of containing an ultimate truth. While nominally this would affect all Christianity’s, including Roman Catholicism, the Protestant principle of Sola Scriptura, the individual ability to interpret the word of God without an intermediary, left them particularly venerable to the accelerated pace of scientific progress.While many liberal Protestant theologians were willing to concede to â€Å"lower criticism†, or the critique of the human authorship of the Bible, Fundamentalists could not equivocate when a literal interpretation informed their very world-view, and their relationship to society and culture. It was not any particular movement in science, be it â€Å"hard† empiricism of Darwin or the â€Å"soft† theorizing of the Humanities, that ultimately upset the Fundamentalists as much as the aggregate of suspicion that now hung over the entire Christian project.Religion was â€Å"challenged less by specific scientific discoveries than by the underlying logic of science (indeed, rationality)† which had come full circle with the technological ability that had allowed America to enter into a world war as a super power. The social power to drive the new century was drawn from scientific rationalism, and not, as it had been in the past, from reliance upon the sacred. Fundamentalism was at war with modernity, and wished to reassert the old certainties in an age that had embraced their decline in favor of immediate temporal ability.Protestant Fundamentalism arose as a response to modernity during the late 19th and early 20th century. Faced with a number of challenges on different fronts it developed a theological foundation that marked it off as a dist inct religious phenomenon. Born of the schisms inherent in Protestantism since the reformation, it attracted adherents through a militant defense of traditional religious values that were increasingly undermined as progress in science questioned the Biblical narrative.Dispensationalism, and premillenarianism, in addition to a principle off separatism from liberal Protestant evangelicals, combined to give this new group a powerful voice in American religious life. At their height the fundamentalists were able to successfully challenge the American establishment through a highly publicized court trial that pitted modernity’s champions against religion’s staunchest defenders. At the same time their political influence was such that their dream of public moral regeneration through the wholesale ban on alcohol consumption demonstrated their ability to mount effective campaigns, and win.These victories turned out to be Fundamentalism’s undoing, at least where the gene ral public was concerned, as the publicity generated by the Fundamentalists engendered public ridicule and resentment towards this new group. American society had changed radically from the victorian religious society, based on the principles that had once been clearly understood through a thorough individual grounding in the Bible, to a society that was increasingly materialistic, secular and diverse. As the Fundamentalists withdrew to regroup, and quietly build their power base through their own separate nstitutions, they would later reemerge to continue their challenge to modernity within American society. Bibliography Bruce, S. , Fundamentalism (2nd Ed. ), UK: Polity Press, 2008 Bruce, S. , â€Å"The Moral Majority: the Politics of Fundamentalism in Secular Society† in Studies in Religious Fundamentalism (ed. Lionel Caplan), London: Macmillan Press, 1987 Carpenter, J. A. , Revive Us Again: The Reawakening of American Fundamentalism, New York: Oxford University Press, 1997 Hudson, W. S. , Religion in America (3rd Ed. )), New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1981 Lawrence, B. B. Defenders Of God: The Fundamentalist Revolt Against the Modern Age, USA: University of South Carolina Press, 1989 Marsden G. M. , Encyclopedia of Religion (ed. Lindsay Jones), Vol. 5. 2nd ed. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2005 Marsden G. M. , Fundamentalism and American Culture: The Shaping of Twentieth-Century Evangelicalism 1870-1925, New York: Oxford University Press, 1980 Marty, M. E. , and Appleby, R. S. , Fundamentalisms Observed (The Fundamentalism Project, Vol. 1), Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 1991 ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Carpenter, J.A. , 1997, Revive Us Again: The Reawakening of American Fundamentalism, New York: Oxford University Press, p. 5 [ 2 ]. Marsden G. M. , 2005, Encyclopedia of Religion (ed. Lindsay Jones), Vol. 5. 2nd ed. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, p. 2887 [ 3 ]. Marsden G. M. , 1980, Fundamentalism and American Culture: The Shaping of Twentieth-Century Evangelicalism 1870-1925, New York: Oxford University Press, p. 159 [ 4 ]. Marsden, Encyclopedia of Religion, p. 2887 [ 5 ]. Bruce, S. , 2008, Fundamentalism (2nd Ed. ), UK: Polity Press, p. 12 [ 6 ]. Carpenter, Revive Us Again, p. 6 [ 7 ]. Lawrence, B. B. 1989, Defenders Of God: The Fundamentalist Revolt Against the Modern Age, USA: University of South Carolina Press, p. 162 [ 8 ]. Bruce, Fundamentalism, p. 70 [ 9 ]. Marsden, Encyclopedia of Religion, p. 2889 [ 10 ]. ibid, p. 2890 [ 11 ]. Carpenter, Revive Us Again, p. 5 [ 12 ]. Bruce, Fundamentalism, p. 69 [ 13 ]. Marsden, Encyclopedia of Religion, p. 2889 [ 14 ]. Lawrence, Defenders of God, p. 166 [ 15 ]. Marsden, Fundamentalism and American Culture, p. 204 [ 16 ]. Bruce, Fundamentalism, p. 20 [ 17 ]. ibid, p. 17 [ 18 ]. Marsden, Fundamentalism and American Culture, p. 202 [ 19 ]. Bruce, Fun damentalism, p. 24